Description of namelist variables

---------------------------------
 
For WRF-NMM users, please see Chapter 5 of the WRF-NMM User's Guide for 
information on NMM specific settings (http://www.dtcenter.org/wrf-nmm/users)


 Note: variables followed by (max_dom) indicate that this variable needs to
       be defined for the nests when max_dom > 1.

 &time_control
 run_days                            = 1,	; run time in days
 run_hours                           = 0,	; run time in hours
                                                  Note: if it is more than 1 day, one may use both run_days and run_hours
                                                  or just run_hours. e.g. if the total run length is 36 hrs, you may
                                                  set run_days = 1, and run_hours = 12, or run_days = 0, and run_hours = 36
 run_minutes                         = 0,	; run time in minutes
 run_seconds                         = 0,	; run time in seconds
 start_year (max_dom)                = 2001,	; four digit year of starting time
 start_month (max_dom)               = 06,	; two digit month of starting time
 start_day (max_dom)                 = 11,	; two digit day of starting time
 start_hour (max_dom)                = 12,	; two digit hour of starting time
 start_minute (max_dom)              = 00,	; two digit minute of starting time
 start_second (max_dom)              = 00,	; two digit second of starting time
                                                  Note: the start time is used to name the first wrfout file.
                                                  It also controls the start time for nest domains, and the time to restart
 tstart (max_dom)                    = 00,	; FOR NMM: starting hour of the forecast
 end_year (max_dom)                  = 2001,	; four digit year of ending time
 end_month (max_dom)                 = 06,	; two digit month of ending time
 end_day (max_dom)                   = 12,	; two digit day of ending time
 end_hour (max_dom)                  = 12,	; two digit hour of ending time
 end_minute (max_dom)                = 00,	; two digit minute of ending time
 end_second (max_dom)                = 00,	; two digit second of ending time
                                                  It also controls when the nest domain integrations end
                                                  All start and end times are used by real.exe.

                                                  Note that one may use either run_days/run_hours etc. or 
                                                  end_year/month/day/hour etc. to control the length of 
                                                  model integration. But run_days/run_hours
                                                  takes precedence over the end times. 
                                                  Program real.exe uses start and end times only.

 interval_seconds                    = 10800,	; time interval between incoming real data, which will be the interval
                                                  between the lateral boundary condition file
 input_from_file (max_dom)           = T,       ; whether nested run will have input files for domains other than 1
 fine_input_stream (max_dom)         = 0,       ; field selection from nest input for its initialization
                                                  0: all fields are used; 2: only static and time-varying, masked land 
                                                  surface fields are used. In V3.2, this requires the use of 
                                                  io_form_auxinput2
 history_interval (max_dom)          = 60,  	; history output file interval in minutes
 frames_per_outfile (max_dom)        = 1, 	; number of output times per history output file, 
                                                  used to split output into multiple files 
                                                  into smaller pieces
 restart                             = F,	; whether this run is a restart run
 cycling                             = F,       ; whether this run is a cycling run, if so, initializes look-up table for Thompson schemes only
 restart_interval		     = 1440,	; restart output file interval in minutes
 reset_simulation_start              = F,       ; whether to overwrite simulation_start_date with forecast start time
 io_form_history                     = 2,       ; 2 = netCDF 
 io_form_restart                     = 2,       ; 2 = netCDF 
 io_form_input                       = 2,       ; 2 = netCDF
 io_form_boundary                    = 2,       ; netCDF format
                                     = 4,       ; PHD5 format
                                     = 5,       ; GRIB1 format
                                     = 10,      ; GRIB2 format
                                     = 11,      ; pnetCDF format
 ncd_nofill                          = .true.,  ; only a single write, not the write/read/write sequence, new in 3.6
 frames_per_emissfile                = 12,      ; number of times in each chemistry emission file.
 io_style_emiss                      = 1,       ; style to use for the chemistry emission files.
                                                ; 0 = Do not read emissions from files.
                                                ; 1 = Cycle between two 12 hour files (set frames_per_emissfile=12)
                                                ; 2 = Dated files with length set by frames_per_emissfile
 debug_level                         = 0, 	; 50,100,200,300 values give increasing prints
 diag_print                          = 0, 	; print out time series of model diagnostics
                                                ; 0 = no print
                                                ; 1 = domain averaged 3-hourly hydrostatic surface pressure tendency 
                                                      (Dpsfc/Dt), and dry-hydrostatic column pressure tendency (Dmu/Dt)
                                                      will appear in stdout file
                                                ; 2 = in addition to those above, domain averaged rainfall, 
                                                  surface evaporation, and sensible and latent heat fluxes will be output
 all_ic_times                        = .false., ; whether to write out wrfinput for all processing times
 adjust_output_times                 = .false., ; adjust output times to the nearest hour
 override_restart_timers             = .false., ; whether to change the alarms from what is previously set
 write_hist_at_0h_rst                = .false., ; whether to output history file at the start of restart run
 output_ready_flag		     = .true.,  ; asks the model to write-out an empty file with the name 'wrfoutReady_d<domain>_<date>.  
                                                  Useful in production runs so that post-processing code can check on the 
                                                  completeness of this file

To choose between SI and WPS input to real for EM core:
 auxinput1_inname                    = "met_em.d<domain>.<date>"             ; Input to real from WPS (default since 3.0)
                                     = "wrf_real_input_em.d<domain>.<date>"  ; Input to real from SI

To choose between SI and WPS input to real for NMM core:
 auxinput1_inname                    = "met_nm.d<domain>.<date>"             ; Input to real from WPS
                                     = "wrf_real_input_nm.d<domain>.<date>"  ; Input to real from SI

Other output options:

 auxhist2_outname                    = "rainfall" ; file name for extra output; if not specified,
                                                  auxhist2_d<domain>_<date> will be used
                                                  also note that to write variables in output other
                                                  than the history file requires Registry.EM file change
 auxhist2_interval (max_dom)         = 10,      ; interval in minutes
 io_form_auxhist2                    = 2,       ; output in netCDF
 frames_per_auxhist2                 = 1000,    ; number of output times in this file

For SST updating (used only with sst_update=1):
 
 auxinput4_inname                    = "wrflowinp_d<domain>" 
 auxinput4_interval                  = 360      ; minutes generally matches time given by interval_seconds
 io_form_auxinput4                   = 2        ; IO format, required in V3.2

 nwp_diagnostics                     = 1        ; adds 7 history-interval max diagnostic fields

For additional regional climate surface fields

 output_diagnostics                  = 1        ; adds 36 surface diagnostic arrays (max/min/mean/std)
 auxhist3_outname                    = 'wrfxtrm_d<domain>_<date>' ; file name for added diagnostics
 io_form_auxhist3                    = 2        ; netcdf
 auxhist3_interval                   = 1440     ; minutes between outputs (1440 gives daily max/min)
 frames_per_auxhist3                 = 1        ; output times per file
                                                  Note: do restart only at multiple of auxhist3_intervals

For observation nudging:
 auxinput11_interval                 = 10       ; interval in minutes for observation data. It should be 
                                                  set as or more frequently as obs_ionf (with unit of 
                                                  coarse domain time step).
 auxinput11_end_h                    = 6        ; end of observation time in hours.

Options for run-time IO:

 iofields_filename (max_dom)         = "my_iofields_list.txt",
                                       (example: +:h:21:rainc, rainnc, rthcuten)
 ignore_iofields_warning             = .true.,  ; what to do when encountering an error in the user-specified files
                                       .false., : abort when encountering an error in iofields_filename file

Additional settings when running WRFVAR:

 write_input                         = t,       ; write input-formatted data as output
 inputout_interval                   = 180,     ; interval in minutes when writing input-formatted data 
 input_outname                       = 'wrfinput_d<domain>_<date>' ; you may change the output file name
 inputout_begin_y                    = 0
 inputout_begin_mo                   = 0
 inputout_begin_d                    = 0
 inputout_begin_h                    = 3
 inputout_begin_m                    = 0
 inputout_begin_s                    = 0
 inputout_end_y                      = 0
 inputout_end_mo                     = 0
 inputout_end_d                      = 0
 inputout_end_h                      = 12
 inputout_end_m                      = 0
 inputout_end_s                      = 0        ; the above shows that the input-formatted data are output
                                                  starting from hour 3 to hour 12 in 180 min interval.

For automatic moving nests: requires special input data, and environment variable TERRAIN_AND_LANDUSE set at compile time
                                     (This option will overwrite input_from_file for nest domains)
 input_from_hires (max_dom)          = .true., 
 rsmas_data_path                     = "path-to-terrain-and-landuse-dataset"

 &domains
 time_step                           = 60,	; time step for integration in integer seconds
                                                  recommend 6*dx (in km) for typical real-data cases
 time_step_fract_num                 = 0,	; numerator for fractional time step 
 time_step_fract_den                 = 1,	; denominator for fractional time step 
                                                  Example, if you want to use 60.3 sec as your time step,
                                                  set time_step = 60, time_step_fract_num = 3, and 
                                                  time_step_fract_den = 10
 time_step_dfi                       = 60,	; time step for DFI, may be different from regular time_step
 max_dom                             = 1,	; number of domains - set it to > 1 if it is a nested run
 s_we (max_dom)                      = 1,	; start index in x (west-east) direction (leave as is)
 e_we (max_dom)                      = 91,	; end index in x (west-east) direction (staggered dimension)
 s_sn (max_dom)                      = 1,	; start index in y (south-north) direction (leave as is)
 e_sn (max_dom)                      = 82,	; end index in y (south-north) direction (staggered dimension)
 s_vert (max_dom)                    = 1,	; start index in z (vertical) direction (leave as is)
 e_vert (max_dom)                    = 30,	; end index in z (vertical) direction (staggered dimension)
                                                  Note: this refers to full levels including surface and top
                                                  vertical dimensions need to be the same for all nests
                                                  Note: most variables are unstaggered (= staggered dim - 1)
 dx (max_dom)                        = 10000,	; grid length in x direction; ARW: unit in meters, NMM: unit in degrees (e.g. 0.667)
 dy (max_dom)                        = 10000,	; grid length in y direction; ARW: unit in meters, NMM: unit in degrees (e.g. 0.0658) 
 ztop (max_dom)                      = 19000.	; used in mass model for idealized cases
 grid_id (max_dom)                   = 1,	; domain identifier
 parent_id (max_dom)                 = 0,       ; id of the parent domain
 i_parent_start (max_dom)            = 0,       ; starting LLC I-indices from the parent domain
 j_parent_start (max_dom)            = 0,       ; starting LLC J-indices from the parent domain
 parent_grid_ratio (max_dom)         = 1,       ; parent-to-nest domain grid size ratio: for real-data cases
                                                  the ratio has to be odd; for idealized cases,
                                                  the ratio can be even if feedback is set to 0. (NMM: must be 3)
 parent_time_step_ratio (max_dom)    = 1,       ; parent-to-nest time step ratio; it can be different
                                                  from the parent_grid_ratio (NMM: must be 3)
 feedback                            = 1,       ; feedback from nest to its parent domain; 0 = no feedback
 smooth_option                       = 0        ; smoothing option for parent domain, used only with feedback
                                                  option on. 0: no smoothing; 1: 1-2-1 smoothing; 2: smoothing-desmoothing

Namelist variables specifically for the WPS input for real:

 num_metgrid_soil_levels             = 4        ; number of vertical soil levels or layers input
                                                ; from WPS metgrid program
 num_metgrid_levels                  = 27       ; number of vertical levels of 3d meteorological fields coming 
                                                ; from WPS metgrid program
 interp_type                         = 2        ; vertical interpolation
                                                ; 1 = linear in pressure
                                                ; 2 = linear in log(pressure)
 extrap_type                         = 2        ; vertical extrapolation of non-temperature fields
                                                ; 1 = extrapolate using the two lowest levels
                                                ; 2 = use lowest level as constant below ground
 t_extrap_type                       = 2        ; vertical extrapolation for potential temperature
                                                ; 1 = isothermal
                                                ; 2 = -6.5 K/km lapse rate for temperature
                                                ; 3 = constant theta
 use_levels_below_ground             = .true.   ; in vertical interpolation, use levels below input surface level
                                                ; T = use input isobaric levels below input surface
                                                ; F = extrapolate when WRF location is below input surface value
 use_surface                         = .true.   ; use the input surface level data in the vertical interp and extrap
                                                ; T = use the input surface data
                                                ; F = do not use the input surface data
 lagrange_order                      = 1        ; vertical interpolation order
                                                ; 1 = linear
                                                ; 2 = quadratic
                                                ; 9 = cubic spline
 zap_close_levels                    = 500      ; ignore isobaric level above surface if delta p (Pa) < zap_close_levels
 lowest_lev_from_sfc                 = .false.  ; place the surface value into the lowest eta location
                                                ; T = use surface value as lowest eta (u,v,t,q)
                                                ; F = use traditional interpolation
 force_sfc_in_vinterp                = 1        ; use the surface level as the lower boundary when interpolating
                                                ; through this many eta levels
                                                ; 0 = perform traditional trapping interpolation
                                                ; n = first n eta levels directly use surface level
 maxw_horiz_pres_diff                = 5000     ; Pressure threshold (Pa).  For using the level of max winds, when the
                                                ; pressure differnce between neighboring values exceeds this maximum,
                                                ; the variable is NOT inserted into the column for vertical interpolation.
                                                ; ARW real only.
 trop_horiz_pres_diff                = 5000     ; Pressure threshold (Pa).  For using the tropopause level, when the
                                                ; pressure differnce between neighboring values exceeds this maximum,
                                                ; the variable is NOT inserted into the column for vertical interpolation.
                                                ; ARW real only.
 maxw_above_this_level               = 30000    ; Minimum height (actually it is pressure in Pa) to allow using the 
                                                ; level of max wind information in real.  With a value of 300 hPa, then
                                                ; a max wind value at 500 hPa will be ignored.
                                                ; ARW real only.
 use_maxw_level                                 ; 0=do not use max wind speed level in vertical interpolation inside
                                                ; of the ARW real program, 1 = use level
 use_trop_level                                 ; as above, with tropopause level data
 sfcp_to_sfcp                        = .false.  ; Optional method to compute model's surface pressure when incoming
                                                ; data only has surface pressure and terrain, but not SLP
 smooth_cg_topo	                     = .false.  ; Smooth the outer rows and columns of domain 1's topography w.r.t.
                                                ; the input data
 use_tavg_for_tsk                    = .false.  ; whether to use diurnally averaged surface temp as skin temp. The 
                                                  diurnall averaged surface temp can be computed using WPS utility
                                                  avg_tsfc.exe. May use this option when SKINTEMP is not present.
 aggregate_lu                        = .false.  ; whetger to aggregate the grass, shrubs, trees in dominant landuse;
                                                  default is false.
 rh2qv_wrt_liquid                    = .true.,  ; whether to compute RH with respect to water (true) or ice (false)
 rh2qv_method                        = 1,       ; which methed to use to computer mixing ratio from RH:
                                                  default is option 1, the old MM5 method; option 2 uses a WMO 
                                                  recommended method (WMO-No. 49, corrigendum, August 2000) - 
                                                  there is a difference between the two methods though small
 interp_theta                        = .true.   ; If set to .false., it will vertically interpolate temperature 
                                                  instead of potential temperature, which may reduce bias when 
                                                  compared with input data
 hypsometric_opt                     = 1,       ; = 1: default method
                                                  = 2: it uses an alternative way (less biased 
                                                  when compared agaist input data) to compute height in program 
                                                  real and pressure in model (ARW only). 
 p_top_requested                     = 5000     ; p_top (Pa) to use in the model
 ptsgm                               = 42000.   ; FOR NMM:  defines the pressure interface dividing
                                                ;           the terrain following portion of the hybrid vertical
                                                ;           coordinate (p > ptsgm) and the purely
                                                ;           isobaric portion of the vertical coordinate (p < ptsgm)
 vert_refine_fact                    = 1        ; vertical refinement factor for ndown

Users may explicitly define full eta levels.  Given are two distributions for 28 and 35 levels.  The number
of levels must agree with the number of eta surfaces allocated (e_vert).  Users may alternatively request 
only the number of levels (with e_vert), and the real program will compute values.  The computation assumes
a known first several layers, then generates equi-height spaced levels up to the top of the model.

 eta_levels                          = 1.000, 0.990, 0.978, 0.964, 0.946,
                                       0.922, 0.894, 0.860, 0.817, 0.766,
                                       0.707, 0.644, 0.576, 0.507, 0.444,
                                       0.380, 0.324, 0.273, 0.228, 0.188,
                                       0.152, 0.121, 0.093, 0.069, 0.048,
                                       0.029, 0.014, 0.000,
 eta_levels                          = 1.000, 0.993, 0.983, 0.970, 0.954,
                                       0.934, 0.909, 0.880, 0.845, 0.807,
                                       0.765, 0.719, 0.672, 0.622, 0.571,
                                       0.520, 0.468, 0.420, 0.376, 0.335,
                                       0.298, 0.263, 0.231, 0.202, 0.175,
                                       0.150, 0.127, 0.106, 0.088, 0.070,
                                       0.055, 0.040, 0.026, 0.013, 0.000

                                     = 0,2,      ; this allows vertical nesting in the nest domain
                                       Note that with vertical nesting one can only use RRTM and RRTMG radiation physics

 An example to define vertical nested levels (in program real):
                                       
 e_vert                              = 35,    45,
 eta_levels(1:35)                    = 1., 0.993, 0.983, 0.97, 0.954, 0.934, 0.909, 0.88, 0.8406663, 0.8013327,
                                       0.761999, 0.7226653, 0.6525755, 0.5877361, 0.5278192, 0.472514,
                                       0.4215262, 0.3745775, 0.3314044, 0.2917579, 0.2554026, 0.2221162,
                                       0.1916888, 0.1639222, 0.1386297, 0.1156351, 0.09525016, 0.07733481,
                                       0.06158983, 0.04775231, 0.03559115, 0.02490328, 0.0155102, 0.007255059, 0.
 eta_levels(36:81)                   = 1.0000, 0.9946, 0.9875, 0.9789, 0.9685, 0.9562, 0.9413, 0.9238, 0.9037, 0.8813, 0.8514,
                                       0.8210, 0.7906, 0.7602, 0.7298, 0.6812, 0.6290, 0.5796, 0.5333, 0.4901, 0.4493, 0.4109,
                                       0.3746, 0.3412, 0.3098, 0.2802, 0.2524, 0.2267, 0.2028, 0.1803, 0.1593, 0.1398, 0.1219,
                                       0.1054, 0.0904, 0.0766, 0.0645, 0.0534, 0.0433, 0.0341, 0.0259, 0.0185, 0.0118, 0.0056, 0.

Horizontal interpolation options, coarse grid to fine grid.  The default is to use
the Smolarkiewicz "SINT" method.  However, this is known to break with the 
implementation inside of WRF for large refinement ratios (such as 15:1).  For those
extreme (and quite rare occurrences), other schemes are available.  For options
1, 3, 4, and 12, the FG lateral boundaries use the same horizontal scheme for the
lateral BC computations.
 interp_method_type                  = 1 ! bi-linear interpolation
                                     = 2 ! SINT, default
                                     = 3 ! nearest neighbor - only to be used for 
                                         ! testing purposes
                                     = 4 ! overlapping quadratic
                                     =12 ! again for testing, uses SINT horizontal
                                         ! interpolation, and same scheme for 
                                         ! computation of FG lateral boundaries

Variables specifically for the 3d ocean initialization with a single profile. Set
the ocean physics option to #2.  Specify a number of levels.  For each of those levels,
provide a depth (m) below the surface.  At each depth provide a temperature (K) and
a salinity (ppt).  The default is not to use the 3d ocean.  Even when the 3d ocean is
activated, the user must specify a reasonable ocean.  Currently, this is the only way
available to run the 3d ocean option.

 &physics
 sf_ocean_physics                    = 0 (default), 1 (mixed layer model), 2 (3d ocean)

 &domains
 ocean_levels                        = 30,
 ocean_z                             =        5,        15,        25,        35,        45,        55,
                                             65,        75,        85,        95,       105,       115,
                                            125,       135,       145,       155,       165,       175,
                                            185,       195,       210,       230,       250,       270,
                                            290,       310,       330,       350,       370,       390
 ocean_t                             = 302.3493,  302.3493,  302.3493,  302.1055,  301.9763,  301.6818,
                                       301.2220,  300.7531,  300.1200,  299.4778,  298.7443,  297.9194,
                                       297.0883,  296.1443,  295.1941,  294.1979,  293.1558,  292.1136,
                                       291.0714,  290.0293,  288.7377,  287.1967,  285.6557,  284.8503,
                                       284.0450,  283.4316,  283.0102,  282.5888,  282.1674,  281.7461
 ocean_s                             =  34.0127,   34.0127,   34.0127,   34.3217,   34.2624,   34.2632,
                                        34.3240,   34.3824,   34.3980,   34.4113,   34.4220,   34.4303,
                                        34.6173,   34.6409,   34.6535,   34.6550,   34.6565,   34.6527,
                                        34.6490,   34.6446,   34.6396,   34.6347,   34.6297,   34.6247,
                                        34.6490,   34.6446,   34.6396,   34.6347,   34.6297,   34.6247

Namelist variables for controling the specified moving nest: 
                   Note that this moving nest option needs to be activated at the compile time by adding -DMOVE_NESTS
                   to the ARCHFLAGS. The maximum number of moves, max_moves, is set to 50 
                   but can be modified in source code file frame/module_driver_constants.F.
 num_moves                           = 4        ; total number of moves
 move_id(max_moves)                  = 2,2,2,2, ; a list of nest domain id's, one per move
 move_interval(max_moves)            = 60,120,150,180,   ; time in minutes since the start of this domain
 move_cd_x(max_moves)                = 1,1,0,-1,; the number of parent domain grid cells to move in i direction
 move_cd_y(max_moves)                = 1,0,-1,1,; the number of parent domain grid cells to move in j direction
                                                  positive is to move in increasing i and j direction, and 
                                                  negative is to move in decreasing i and j direction.
                                                  0 means no move. The limitation now is to move only 1 grid cell
                                                  at each move.

Namelist variables for controling the automatic moving nest: 
                   Note that this moving nest option needs to be activated at the compile time by adding -DMOVE_NESTS
                   and -DVORTEX_CENTER to the ARCHFLAGS. This option uses an mid-level vortex following algorthm to
                   determine the nest move. This option is experimental.
 vortex_interval(max_dom)            = 15       ; how often the new vortex position is computed
 max_vortex_speed(max_dom)           = 40       ; used to compute the search radius for the new vortex position
 corral_dist(max_dom)                = 8        ; how many coarse grid cells the moving nest is allowed to get
                                                  near the mother domain boundary
 track_level                         = 50000    ; pressure value in Pa where the vortex is tracked
 time_to_move(max_dom)               = 0.       ; time (in minutes) to start the moving nests     

 tile_sz_x                           = 0,       ; number of points in tile x direction
 tile_sz_y                           = 0,       ; number of points in tile y direction
                                                  can be determined automatically
 numtiles                            = 1,       ; number of tiles per patch (alternative to above two items)
 nproc_x                             = -1,      ; number of processors in x for decomposition
 nproc_y                             = -1,      ; number of processors in y for decomposition
                                                  -1: code will do automatic decomposition
                                                  >1: for both: will be used for decomposition

Namelist variables for controlling the adaptive time step option:
                   These options are only valid for the ARW core.  
 use_adaptive_time_step              = .false.  ; T/F use adaptive time stepping, ARW only
 step_to_output_time                 = .true.   ; if adaptive time stepping, T/F modify the
                                                  time steps so that the exact history time is reached
 target_cfl(max_dom)                 = 1.2,1.2  ; vertical and horizontal CFL <= to this value implies
                                                  no reason to reduce the time step, and to increase it
 target_hcfl(max_dom)                = .84,.84  ; horizontal CFL <= to this value implies
 max_step_increase_pct(max_dom)      = 5,51     ; percentage of previous time step to increase, if the
                                                  max(vert cfl, horiz cfl) <= target_cfl, then the time
                                                  will increase by max_step_increase_pct. Use something 
                                                  large for nests (51% suggested)
 starting_time_step(max_dom)         = -1,-1    ; flag = -1 implies use 6 * dx (defined in start_em), 
                                                  starting_time_step = 100 means the starting time step
                                                  for the coarse grid is 100 s
 max_time_step(max_dom)              = -1,-1    ; flag = -1 implies max time step is 3 * starting_time_step,
                                                  max_time_step = 100 means that the time step will not
                                                  exceed 100 s
 min_time_step(max_dom)              = -1,-1    ; flag = -1 implies max time step is 0.5 * starting_time_step,
                                                  min_time_step = 100 means that the time step will not
                                                  be less than 100 s
 adaptation_domain                   = 1        ; default, all fine grid domains adaptive dt driven by coarse-grid
                                                ; 2 = Fine grid domain #2 determines the fundamental adaptive dt.

 &dfi_control
 dfi_opt                             = 0        ; which DFI option to use (3 is recommended)
                                                ;   0 = no digital filter initialization
                                                ;   1 = digital filter launch (DFL)
                                                ;   2 = diabatic DFI (DDFI)
                                                ;   3 = twice DFI (TDFI)
 dfi_nfilter                         = 7        ; digital filter type to use (7 is recommended)
                                                ;   0 = uniform
                                                ;   1 = Lanczos
                                                ;   2 = Hamming
                                                ;   3 = Blackman
                                                ;   4 = Kaiser
                                                ;   5 = Potter
                                                ;   6 = Dolph window
                                                ;   7 = Dolph
                                                ;   8 = recursive high-order
 dfi_write_filtered_input            = .true.   ; whether to write wrfinput file with filtered 
                                                ;   model state before beginning forecast
 dfi_write_dfi_history               = .false.  ; whether to write wrfout files during filtering integration
 dfi_cutoff_seconds                  = 3600     ; cutoff period, in seconds, for the filter
 dfi_time_dim                        = 1000     ; maximum number of time steps for filtering period
                                                ;   this value can be larger than necessary
 dfi_bckstop_year                    = 2004     ; four-digit year of stop time for backward DFI integration
 dfi_bckstop_month                   = 03       ; two-digit month of stop time for backward DFI integration
 dfi_bckstop_day                     = 14       ; two-digit day of stop time for backward DFI integration
 dfi_bckstop_hour                    = 12       ; two-digit hour of stop time for backward DFI integration
 dfi_bckstop_minute                  = 00       ; two-digit minute of stop time for backward DFI integration
 dfi_bckstop_second                  = 00       ; two-digit second of stop time for backward DFI integration
 dfi_fwdstop_year                    = 2004     ; four-digit year of stop time for forward DFI integration
 dfi_fwdstop_month                   = 03       ; two-digit month of stop time for forward DFI integration
 dfi_fwdstop_day                     = 13       ; two-digit month of stop time for forward DFI integration
 dfi_fwdstop_hour                    = 12       ; two-digit month of stop time for forward DFI integration
 dfi_fwdstop_minute                  = 00       ; two-digit month of stop time for forward DFI integration
 dfi_fwdstop_second                  = 00       ; two-digit month of stop time for forward DFI integration
 dfi_radar                           = 0        ; DFI radar da switch

 &physics

 Note: even the physics options can be different in different nest domains, 
       caution must be used as what options are sensible to use

 chem_opt                            = 0,       ; chemistry option - use WRF-Chem
 mp_physics (max_dom)                microphysics option
                                     = 0, no microphysics
                                     = 1, Kessler scheme
                                     = 2, Lin et al. scheme
                                     = 3, WSM 3-class simple ice scheme
                                     = 4, WSM 5-class scheme
                                     = 5, Ferrier (new Eta) microphysics, operational High-Resolution Window version
                                     = 6, WSM 6-class graupel scheme
                                     = 7, Goddard GCE scheme (also uses gsfcgce_hail, gsfcgce_2ice)
                                     = 8, Thompson scheme (new for V3.1)
                                     = 9, Milbrandt-Yau 2-moment scheme (new for V3.2)
                                     = 10, Morrison (2 moments)
                                     = 11, CAM 5.1 microphysics
                                     = 13, SBU_YLIN scheme
                                     = 14, WDM 5-class scheme
                                     = 16, WDM 6-class scheme
                                     = 17, NSSL 2-moment 4-ice scheme (steady background CCN)
                                     = 18, NSSL 2-moment 4-ice scheme with predicted CCN (better for idealized than real cases)
                                       ; to set a global CCN value, use
                                       nssl_cccn  = 0.7e9   ; CCN for NSSL scheme (18). Also sets same value to ccn_conc for mp_physics=18
                                     = 19, NSSL 1-moment (7 class: qv,qc,qr,qi,qs,qg,qh; predicts graupel density)
                                     = 21, NSSL 1-moment, (6-class), very similar to Gilmore et al. 2004
                                           Can set intercepts and particle densities in physics namelist, e.g., nssl_cnor
                                       For NSSL 1-moment schemes, intercept and particle densities can be set for snow, 
                                       graupel, hail, and rain. For the 1- and 2-moment schemes, the shape parameters 
                                       for graupel and hail can be set.
                                       nssl_alphah  = 0.    ! shape parameter for graupel
                                       nssl_alphahl = 2.    ! shape parameter for hail
                                       nssl_cnoh    = 4.e5  ! graupel intercept
                                       nssl_cnohl   = 4.e4  ! hail intercept
                                       nssl_cnor    = 8.e5  ! rain intercept
                                       nssl_cnos    = 3.e6  ! snow intercept
                                       nssl_rho_qh  = 500.  ! graupel density
                                       nssl_rho_qhl = 900.  ! hail density
                                       nssl_rho_qs  = 100.  ! snow density
                                     = 28, aerosol-aware Thompson scheme with water- and ice-friendly aerosol climatology 
                                           (new for V3.6)
                                       This option has two climatogical aerosol input options:
                                       use_aero_icbc = .F. : use constant values
                                       use_aero_icbc = .T. : use input from WPS
                                     = 30, HUJI (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) spectral bin microphysics,
                                           fast version
                                     = 32, HUJI spectral bin microphysics, full version
                                     = 95, Ferrier (old Eta) microphysics, operational NAM (WRF NMM) version

 For non-zero mp_physics options, to keep Qv .GE. 0, and to set the other moisture
 fields .LT. a critcal value to zero

 mp_zero_out                         = 0,      ; no action taken, no adjustment to any moist field
                                     = 1,      ; except for Qv, all other moist arrays are set to zero
                                               ; if they fall below a critical value
                                     = 2,      ; Qv is .GE. 0, all other moist arrays are set to zero
                                               ; if they fall below a critical value
 mp_zero_out_thresh                  = 1.e-8   ; critical value for moist array threshold, below which
                                               ; moist arrays (except for Qv) are set to zero (kg/kg)

 gsfcgce_hail                        = 0       ; for running gsfcgce microphysics with graupel
                                     = 1       ; for running gsfcgce microphysics with hail
                                                 default value = 0
 gsfcgce_2ice                        = 0       ; for running with snow, ice and graupel/hail
                                     = 1       ; for running with only ice and snow
                                     = 2       ; for running with only ice and graupel
                                                 (only used in very extreme situation)
                                                 default value = 0
                                                 gsfcgce_hail is ignored if gsfcgce_2ice is set to 1 or 2.
 hail_opt                            = 0       ; hail switch for WSM6, WDM6 and Morrison schemes: 0 - off, 1 - on (new in 3.6.1)
 progn                               = 0       ; switch to use mix-activate scheme (Only for Morrison, WDM6, WDM5, 
                                                 and NSSL_2MOMCCN/NSSL_2MOM
 ccn_conc                            = 1.E8    ; CCN concentration, used by WDM schemes (new in 3.6.1)

 no_mp_heating                       = 0       ; normal
                                     = 1       ; turn off latent heating from a microphysics scheme

 ra_lw_physics (max_dom)             longwave radiation option
                                     = 0, no longwave radiation
                                     = 1, rrtm scheme 
                                       (Default values for GHG in V3.5: co2vmr=379.e-6, n2ovmr=319.e-9, ch4vmr=1774.e-9;
                                        Values used in previous versions: co2vmr=330.e-6, n2ovmr=0., ch4vmr=0.)
                                     = 3, cam scheme
                                          also requires levsiz, paerlev, cam_abs_dim1/2 (see below)
                                     = 4, rrtmg scheme
                                       (Default values for GHG in V3.5: co2vmr=379.e-6, n2ovmr=319.e-9, ch4vmr=1774.e-9)
                                     = 24, fast rrtmg scheme for GPU and MIC (since 3.7)
                                     = 5, Goddard longwave scheme
                                     = 7, FLG (UCLA) scheme 
                                     = 31, Earth Held-Suarez forcing
                                     = 99, GFDL (Eta) longwave (semi-supported)
                                          also must use co2tf = 1 for ARW

 ra_sw_physics (max_dom)             shortwave radiation option
                                     = 0, no shortwave radiation
                                     = 1, Dudhia scheme
                                     = 2, Goddard short wave
                                     = 3, cam scheme
                                          also must set levsiz, paerlev, cam_abs_dim1/2 (see below)
                                     = 4, rrtmg scheme
                                     = 24, fast rrtmg scheme for GPU and MIC (since 3.7)
                                     = 5, Goddard shortwave scheme
                                     = 7, FLG (UCLA) scheme
                                     = 99, GFDL (Eta) longwave (semi-supported)
                                          also must use co2tf = 1 for ARW

 radt (max_dom)                      = 30,	; minutes between radiation physics calls
                                           recommend 1 min per km of dx (e.g. 10 for 10 km);
                                           use the same value for all nests.                      

 nrads (max_dom)                     = FOR NMM: number of fundamental timesteps between 
                                                calls to shortwave radiation; the value
                                                is set in Registry.NMM but is overridden
                                                by namelist value; radt will be computed
                                                from this.

 nradl (max_dom)                     = FOR NMM: number of fundamental timesteps between 
                                                calls to longwave radiation; the value
                                                is set in Registry.NMM but is overridden
                                                by namelist value.

 co2tf                               CO2 transmission function flag only for GFDL radiation
                                     = 0, read CO2 function data from pre-generated file
                                     = 1, generate CO2 functions internally in the forecast

 ra_call_offset                      radiation call offset
                                     = 0 (no offset), =-1 (old offset)
 swint_opt                           Interpolation of short-wave radiation based on the updated solar zenith angle 
                                       between SW call
                                     = 0, no interpolation
                                     = 1, use interpolation
 cam_abs_freq_s                      = 21600 default CAM clearsky longwave absorption calculation frequency
                                            (recommended minimum value to speed scheme up)
 levsiz                              = 59 for CAM radiation input ozone levels, set automatically
 paerlev                             = 29 for CAM radiation input aerosol levels, set automatically
 cam_abs_dim1                        = 4 for CAM absorption save array, set automatically
 cam_abs_dim2                        = value of e_vert for CAM 2nd absorption save array, set automatically

 o3input                             = ozone input option for radiation (currently rrtmg only)
                                     = 0, using profile inside the code
                                     = 2, using CAM ozone data (ozone.formatted)
 aer_opt                             = aerosol input option for radiation (currently rrtmg only)
                                     = 0, none
                                     = 1, using Tegen (1997) data, 
                                     = 2, using J. A. Ruiz-Arias method (see other aer_* options) 
 alevsiz                             = 12 for Tegen aerosol input levels, set automatically
 no_src_types                        = 6 for Tegen aerosols: organic and black carbon, sea salt, sulfalte, dust,
                                       and stratospheric aerosol (volcanic ashes - currently 0), set automatically

 The following aerosol options allow RRTMG and new Goddard radiation schemes to see it, but the aerosols are
     constant during the model integration.
 aer_aod550_opt                      = [1,2] :
                                       1 = input constant value for AOD at 550 nm from namelist.
                                           In this case, the value is read from aer_aod550_val;
                                       2 = input value from auxiliary input 5. It is a time-varying 2D grid in netcdf 
                                           wrf-compatible format. The default is aer_aod550_opt=1 and aer_aod550_val=0.12
 aer_aod550_val                      = 0.12
 aer_angexp_opt                      = [1,2,3] :
                                       1 = input constant value for Angstrom exponent from namelist. In this case, 
                                           the value is read from aer_angexp_val;
                                       2 = input value from auxiliary input 5, as in aer_aod550_opt;
                                       3 = Angstrom exponent value estimated from the aerosol type defined in aer_type, and modulated
                                           with the RH in WRF. Default operation is aer_angexp_opt = 1, and aer_angexp_val=1.3.
 aer_angexp_val                      = 1.3   
 aer_ssa_opt                         = [1,2,3] similar to aer_angexp_opt.
 aer_ssa_val                         = 0.85
 aer_asy_opt                         = [1,2,3] similar to aer_angexp_opt.
 aer_asy_val                         = 0.9
 aer_type                            = [1,2,3] : 1 for rural, 2 is urban and 3 is maritime.

 sf_sfclay_physics (max_dom)         surface-layer option (old bl_sfclay_physics option)
                                     = 0, no surface-layer
                                     = 1, Revised MM5 Monin-Obukhov scheme (Jimenez, renamed in v3.6)
                                     = 2, Monin-Obukhov (Janjic) scheme
                                     = 3, NCEP Global Forecast System scheme (NMM only)
                                     = 4, QNSE surface layer
                                     = 5, MYNN surface layer
                                     = 7, Pleim-Xiu surface layer (ARW only)
                                     = 10, TEMF surface layer (ARW only)
                                     = 91, Old MM5 scheme (previously option 1)

 sf_surface_physics (max_dom)        land-surface option (old bl_surface_physics option)
                                     = 0, no surface temp prediction
                                     = 1, thermal diffusion scheme
                                     = 2, Unified Noah land-surface model
                                     = 3, RUC land-surface model
                                     = 4, Noah-MP land-surface model (see additional &noah_mp namelist)
                                     = 5, Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), adapted from CAM
                                     = 7, Pleim-Xiu LSM (ARW)
                                     = 8, Simplified Simple Biosphere Model (SSiB) 
                                          - can be used with Dudhia/RRTM, CAM or RRTMG radiation options

 sf_urban_physics(max_dom)           = 0, ; activate urban canopy model (in Noah LSM only)
                                     = 0: no
                                     = 1: Single-layer, UCM 
                                     = 2: Multi-layer, Building Environment Parameterization (BEP) scheme 
                                          (works only with MYJ and BouLac PBL)
                                     = 3: Multi-layer, Building Environment Model (BEM) scheme 
                                          (works only with MYJ and BouLac PBL)

 bl_pbl_physics (max_dom)            boundary-layer option
                                     = 0, no boundary-layer 
                                     = 1, YSU scheme
                                     = 2, Mellor-Yamada-Janjic TKE scheme
                                     = 3, NCEP Global Forecast System scheme (NMM only)
                                     = 4, Eddy-diffusivity Mass Flux, Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination PBL
                                     = 5, MYNN 2.5 level TKE scheme, works with
                                          sf_sfclay_physics=1 or 2 as well as 5
                                     = 6, MYNN 3rd level TKE scheme, works only
                                          MYNNSFC (sf_sfclay_physics = 5)
                                     = 7, ACM2 (Pleim) PBL (ARW)
                                     = 8, Bougeault and Lacarrere (BouLac) PBL
                                     = 9, UW boundary layer scheme from CAM5 (CESM 1_0_1)
                                     = 10, TEMF (Total Energy Mass Flux) scheme (ARW only)
                                          sf_sfclay_physics=10
                                     = 11, Shin-Hong 'scale-aware' PBL scheme
                                     = 12, Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa scheme (ARW only)
                                     = 99, MRF scheme

 bldt (max_dom)                      = 0,       ; minutes between boundary-layer physics calls

 grav_settling (max_dom)             gravitational settling of fog/cloud droplets (Now works for any PBL scheme)
 				     = 0, No settling of cloud droplets
				     = 1, Settling from Dyunkerke 1991 (in atmos and at surface)
				     = 2, Fogdes (vegetation & wind speed dependent; Katata et al. 2008) at surface 
                                          and Dyunkerke in the atmos.

 nphs (max_dom)                      = FOR NMM: number of fundamental timesteps between
                                                calls to turbulence and microphysics;
                                                the value is set in Registry.NMM but is
                                                overridden by namelist value; bldt will
                                                be computed from this.
 ysu_topdown_pblmix                  = 0,; whether to turn on top-down, radiation-driven mixing (1=yes)
 mfshconv (max_dom)                  = 1,; whether to turn on new day-time EDMF QNSE (0=no)
 topo_wind (max_dom)                 = 0, turn off, 
                                     = 1, turn on topographic surface wind correction from Jimenez 
                                       (YSU PBL only, and require extra input from geogrid)
                                     = 2, turn on topographic surface wind correction from Mass (YSU PBL only)
 bl_mynn_tkebudget (max_dom)         = 0, default off; = 1 adds MYNN tke budget terms to output
 bl_mynn_tkeadvect (max_dom)         = .false., default off; = .true. do MYNN tke advection
 scalar_pblmix (max_dom)             = 1 ; mix scalar fields consistent with PBL option (exch_h)
 tracer_pblmix (max_dom)             = 1 ; mix tracer fields consistent with PBL option (exch_h)
 shinhong_tke_diag (max_dom)         = 0 ; diagnostic TKE and mixing length from Shin-Hong PBL
 sf_surface_mosaic                   option to mosaic landuse categories for Noah LSM            
                                     = 0 ; default; use dominant category only
                                     = 1 ; use mosaic landuse categories
 mosaic_cat                          = 3 ; number of mosaic landuse categories in a grid cell
 mosaic_lu                           = 1 ;  use mosaic landuse categories in RUC; default is 0
 mosaic_soil                         = 1 ;  use mosaic soil categories in RUC; default is 0

 cu_physics (max_dom)                cumulus option
                                     = 0, no cumulus
                                     = 1, Kain-Fritsch (new Eta) scheme
                                     = 2, Betts-Miller-Janjic scheme
                                     = 3, Grell-Freitas ensemble scheme
                                     = 4, Old GFS simplified Arakawa-Schubert scheme 
                                     = 5, Grell 3D ensemble scheme
                                     = 6, Modifed Tiedtke scheme (ARW only)
                                     = 7, Zhang-McFarlane scheme from CAM5 (CESM 1_0_1)
                                     = 11, Multi-scale Kain-Fritsch scheme
                                     = 14, New GFS simplified Arakawa-Schubert scheme from YSU (ARW only)
                                     = 16, A newer Tiedtke scheme
                                     = 84, New GFS simplified Arakawa-Schubert scheme (HWRF) 
                                     = 93, Grell-Devenyi ensemble scheme
                                     = 99, previous Kain-Fritsch scheme

 shcu_physics (max_dom)              independent shallow cumulus option (not tied to deep convection)
                                     = 0, no independent shallow cumulus
                                     = 1, Grell 3D ensemble scheme (use with cu_physics=93 or 5) (PLACEHOLDER: SWITCH NOT YET IMPLEMENTED--use ishallow)
                                     = 2, Park and Bretherton shallow cumulus from CAM5 (CESM 1_0_1)
                                     = 3, GRIMS shallow cumulus from YSU group

 ishallow                            = 1,   Shallow convection used with Grell 3D ensemble schemes (cu_physics = 3 or 5)
 clos_choice                         = 0,   closure choice (place holder only)
 cu_diag                             = 0,   additional t-averaged stuff for cu physics (cu_phys = 3, 5 and 93 only)
 convtrans_avglen_m                  = 30,  averaging time for variables used by convective transport (call cu_phys options)  and radiation routines (only cu_phys=3,5 and 93) (minutes) 
 cu_rad_feedback (max_dom)           = .false.  ; sub-grid cloud effect to the optical depth in radiation
                                                  currently it works only for GF, G3, GD and KF scheme
                                                  One also needs to set cu_diag = 1 for GF, G3 and GD schemes
 cudt                                = 0,       ; minutes between cumulus physics calls
 kfeta_trigger                       KF trigger option (cu_physics=1 only):
                                     = 1, default option
                                     = 2, moisture-advection based trigger (Ma and Tan [2009]) - ARW only
                                     = 3, RH-dependent additional perturbation to option 1 (JMA)
 cugd_avedx                          ; number of grid boxes over which subsidence is spread.
                                     = 1, default, for large grid distances
                                     = 3, for small grid distances (DX < 5 km)
 nsas_dx_factor                      = 0, default option
                                     = 1, NSAS grid-distance dependent option (new in 3.6)

 ncnvc (max_dom)                     = FOR NMM: number of fundamental timesteps between
                                                calls to convection; the value is set in Registry.NMM
                                                but is overridden by namelist value; cudt will be
                                                computed from this.

 tprec (max_dom)                     = FOR NMM: number of hours in precipitation bucket
 theat (max_dom)                     = FOR NMM: number of hours in latent heating bucket
 tclod (max_dom)                     = FOR NMM: number of hours in cloud fraction average
 trdsw (max_dom)                     = FOR NMM: number of hours in short wave buckets
 trdlw (max_dom)                     = FOR NMM: number of hours in long wave buckets
 tsrfc (max_dom)                     = FOR NMM: number of hours in surface flux buckets
 pcpflg (max_dom)                    = FOR NMM: logical switch for precipitation assimilation

 isfflx                              = 1,	; heat and moisture fluxes from the surface
                                                  (only works for sf_sfclay_physics = 1,5,7,11)
                                                  1 = with fluxes from the surface 
                                                  0 = no flux from the surface
                                                      with bl_pbl_physics=0 this uses tke_drag_coefficient
                                                      and tke_heat_flux in vertical diffusion
                                                  2 = use drag from sf_sfclay_physics and heat flux from
                                                      tke_heat_flux with bl_pbl_physics=0
 ideal_xland                         = 1,       ; sets XLAND (1=land,2=water) for ideal cases with no input land-use
                                                      run-time switch for wrf.exe physics_init (default 1 as before)
 ifsnow                              = 0,	; snow-cover effects
                                                  (only works for sf_surface_physics = 1)
                                                  1 = with snow-cover effect
                                                  0 = without snow-cover effect
 icloud                              = 1,	; cloud effect to the optical depth in radiation
                                                  (only works for ra_sw_physics = 1,4 and ra_lw_physics = 1,4)
                                                  Since 3.6, this also controls the cloud fraction options
                                                  1 = with cloud effect, and use cloud fraction option 1
                                                      (Xu-Randall method) 
                                                  0 = without cloud effect
                                                  2 = with cloud effect, and use cloud fraction option 2 (0/1 based
                                                      on threshold
                                                  3 = with cloud effect, and use cloud fraction option 3, based on
                                                      Sundqvist et al. (1989) (since 3.7)
 swrad_scat                          = 1.       ; scattering tuning parameter (default 1. is 1.e-5 m2/kg)
                                                  (works for ra_sw_physics = 1 option only)
 surface_input_source                = 1,	; where landuse and soil category data come from:
                                                  1 = WPS/geogrid but with dominant categories recomputed
                                                  2 = GRIB data from another model (only possible
                                                      (VEGCAT/SOILCAT are in met_em files from WPS)
                                                  3 = use dominant land and soil categories from WPS/geogrid

 num_soil_layers                     = 5,	; number of soil layers in land surface model
                                                  = 5: thermal diffusion scheme
                                                  = 4: Noah landsurface model
                                                  = 6 or 9: RUC landsurface model
                                                  = 10: CLM4 landsurface model
                                                  = 2: Pleim-Xu landsurface model
                                                  = 3: SSiB landsurface model
 num_land_cat                        = 24,      ; number of land categories in input data.
                                                  24 - for USGS (default); 20 for MODIS
                                                  28 - for USGS if including lake category
                                                  21 - for MODIS if including lake category
						  40 - for NCLD
 num_soil_cat                        = 16,      ; number of soil categories in input data

 pxlsm_smois_init(max_dom)           = 1        ; PXLSM Soil moisture initialization option 
                                                   0 - From analysis, 1 - From moisture availability
                                                   or SLMO in LANDUSE.TBL

 maxiens                             = 1,       ; Grell-Devenyi only
 maxens                              = 3,       ; G-D only
 maxens2                             = 3,       ; G-D only
 maxens3                             = 16       ; G-D only
 ensdim                              = 144      ; G-D only
                                                  These are recommended numbers. If you would like to use
                                                  any other number, consult the code, know what you are doing.
 seaice_threshold                    = 100.     ; tsk < seaice_threshold, if water point and 5-layer slab
                                                ; scheme, set to land point and permanent ice; if water point
                                                ; and Noah scheme, set to land point, permanent ice, set temps
                                                ; from 2 m to surface, and set smois and sh2o. The default value has changed
                                                ; from 271 to 100 K in v3.5.1 to avoid mixed-up use with fractional seaice input
                                                ; Used by land model option 1,2,3,4 and 8
 sst_update                          = 0        ; time-varying sea-surface temp (0=no, 1=yes). If selected real 
                                                ; puts SST, XICE, ALBEDO and VEGFRA in wrflowinp_d01 file, and wrf updates 
                                                ; these from it at same interval as boundary file. Also requires
                                                ; namelists in &time_control: auxinput4_interval, auxinput4_end_h,
                                                ; auxinput4_inname = "wrflowinp_d<domain>", 
                                                ; and in V3.2 io_form_auxinput4
 usemonalb                           = .true.   ; use monthly albedo map instead of table value
                                                ; (must be used for NMM and recommended for sst_update=1)
 rdmaxalb                            = .true.   ; use snow albedo from geogrid; false means using values from table
 rdlai2d                             = .false.  ; use LAI from input; false means using values from table
                                                  if sst_update=1, LAI will also be in wrflowinp file
 bucket_mm                           = -1.      ; bucket reset value for water accumulations (value in mm, -1.=inactive)
 bucket_J                            = -1.      ; bucket reset value for energy accumulations (value in J, -1.=inactive)
 tmn_update                          = 0        ; update deep soil temperature (1, yes; 0, no)
 lagday                              = 150      ; days over which tmn is computed using skin temperature
 sst_skin                            = 0        ; calculate skin SST
 slope_rad (max_dom)                 = 0        ; slope effects for solar radiation (1=on, 0=off)
 topo_shading (max_dom)              = 0        ; neighboring-point shadow effects for solar radiation (1=on, 0=off)
 shadlen                             = 25000.   ; max shadow length in meters for topo_shading=1
 sf_ocean_physics                    = 0        ; activate ocean model (0=no, 1=1d mixed layer; 2=3D PWP, no bathy)
                                                ; works with sf_surface_physics = 1 only
 oml_hml0                            = 50       ; oml model can be initialized with a constant depth everywhere (m)
 oml_gamma                           = 0.14     ; oml deep water lapse rate (K m-1)
 omdt                                = 1.       ; 3D PWP time step (min).  It can be set to be the same as WRF time step 
                                                ; in corresponding nested grids, but omdt should be no less than 1.0 minute.
 ocean_levels                        = 30       ; number of vertical levels in 3DPWP. Note that the depth of each ocean 
                                                ; model layers is specified in OM_DEPTH in wrfinput_d01
 traj_opt                            = 0        ; Forward trajectory calculation (Lee and Chen 2013)
 num_traj                            = 50       ; number of trajectories to be released
 isftcflx                            = 0        ; alternative Ck, Cd formulation for tropical storm application 
                                                ; sf_sfclay=1 and 11
                                                ; 0=default
                                                ; 1=Donelan Cd + const z0q 
                                                ; 2=Donelan Cd + Garratt 
                                                ; sf_sfclay=5
                                                ;   (default) =0: z0, zt, and zq from COARE3.0 (Fairall et al 2003)
                                                ;             =1: z0 from Davis et al (2008), zt & zq from COARE3.0
                                                ;             =2: z0 from Davis et al (2008), zt & zq from Garratt (1992)
 fractional_seaice                   = 0        ; treat sea-ice as fractional field (1) or ice/no-ice flag (0)
                                                  works for sf_sfclay_physics=1,2,5,or 7.
                                                  If fractional_seaice = 1, also set seaice_threshold = 0.
 seaice_albedo_opt                   = 0        ; option to set albedo over sea ice
                                                ; 0 = seaice albedo is a constant value from namelist option seaice_albedo_default
                                                ; 1 = seaice albedo is f(Tair,Tskin,Snow) follwing Mills (2011) for Arctic Ocean
                                                ; 2 = seaice albedo read in from input variable ALBSI
 seaice_albedo_default               =  0.65    ; default value of seaice albedo for seaice_albedo_opt=0
 seaice_snowdepth_opt                = 0        ; method for treating snow depth on sea ice
                                                ; 0 = snow depth on sea ice is bounded by seaice_snowdepth_min and seaice_snowdepth_max
                                                ; 1 = snow depth on sea ice read in from input array SNOWSI (bounded by 
                                                ;     seaice_snowdepth_min and seaice_snodepth_max)
 seaice_snowdepth_max                = 1.E10    ; maximum allowed accumulation of snow (m) on sea ice
 seaice_snowdepth_min                = 0.001    ; minimum snow depth (m) on sea ice
 seaice_thickness_opt                = 0        ; option for treating seaice thickness
                                                ; 0 = seaice thickness is uniform value taken from namelist variable seaice_thickness_default
                                                ; 1 = seaice_thickness is read in from input variable ICEDEPTH
 seaice_thickness_default            = 3.0      ; default value of seaice thickness for seaice_thickness_opt=0
 tice2tsk_if2cold                    = .false.  ; set Tice to Tsk to avoid unrealistically low sea ice temperatures
 iz0tlnd                             = 0        ; thermal roughness length for sfclay and myjsfc (0 = old, 1 = veg dependent Chen-Zhang Czil)
                                                ;     for mynn sfc (0=Zilitinkevitch,1=Chen-Zhang,2=mod Yang,3=const zt)
 mp_tend_lim                         = 10.,     ; limit on temp tendency from mp latent heating from radar data assimilation
 prec_acc_dt (max_dom)               = 0.,      ; number of minutes in precipitation bucket (ARW only) - will add three
                                                  new 2d output fields: prec_acc_c, prec_acc_nc and snow_acc_nc
 topo_wind (max_dom)                 = 0,       ; 1 = improve effect of topography for surface winds.
 ua_phys                             = .false.  ; Option to activate UA Noah changes: a different snow-cover physics in
                                                  Noah, aimed particularly toward improving treatment of snow as it relates 
                                                  to the vegetation canopy. Also uses new columns added in VEGPARM.TBL
 do_radar_ref			     = 0, 	; 1 = allows radar reflectivity to be computed using mp-scheme-specific
 						  parameters.  Currently works for mp_physics = 2,4,6,7,8,10,14,16
				
Namelist variables for lake module: 

 sf_lake_physics(max_dom)            = 1,       ; lake model on/off 
 lakedepth_default(max_dom)          = 50,      ; default lake depth (If there is no lake_depth information in the input data, then lake depth 
                                                  is assumed to be 50m)  
 lake_min_elev(max_dom)              = 5,       ; minimum elevation of lakes. May be used to determine whether a water point is a lake in the absence of lake
                                                  category. If the landuse type includes 'lake' (i.e. Modis_lake and USGS_LAKE), this variable is of no effects. 
 use_lakedepth                       = 1,       ; option to use lake depth data. Lake depth data is available from 3.6 geogrid program. If one didn't process
                                                  the lake depth data, but this switch is set to 1, the program will stop and tell one to go back to geogrid
                                                  program. 
                                                  = 0, do not use lake depth data.
 lightning_option (max_dom)                     ; Lightning parameterization option to allow flash rate prediction without chemistry
                                     = 0        ; off
                                     = 1        ; PR92 based on maximum w, redistributes flashes within dBZ > 20 (for convection resolved runs; must also use 
				     		  do_radar_ref = 1, and mp_physics = 2,4,6,7,8,10,14, or 16)
                                     = 2        ; PR92 based on 20 dBZ top, redistributes flashes within dBZ > 20 (for convection resolved runs; must also use 
				     		  do_radar_ref = 1, and mp_physics = 2,4,6,7,8,10,14, or 16)
                                     = 3        ; Predicting the potential for lightning activity (based on Yair et al, 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D04205, doi:10.1029/2008JD010868) 
                                     = 11       ; PR92 based on level of neutral buoyancy from convective parameterization (for scales
                                                  where a CPS is used, intended for use at 10 < dx < 50 km; must also use cu_physics = 5 or 93)
 lightning_dt  (max_dom)             = 0.       ; time interval (seconds) for calling lightning parameterization. Default uses model time step
 lightning_start_seconds (max_dom)   = 0.       ; Start time for calling lightning parameterization. Recommends at least 10 minutes for spin-up.
 flashrate_factor  (max_dom)         = 1.0      ; Factor to adjust the predicted number of flashes. Recommends 1.0 for lightning_option = 11
                                                  between dx=10 and 50 km. Manual tuning recommended for all other options independently
                                                  for each nest.
 cellcount_method (max_dom)                     ; Method for counting storm cells. Used by CRM options (lightning_options=1,2).
                                     = 0,       ; model determines method used
                                     = 1,       ; tile-wide, appropriate for large domains
                                     = 2,       ; domain-wide, appropriate for sing-storm domains
 cldtop_adjustment (max_dom)         = 0.       ; Adjustment from LNB in km. Used by lightning_option=11. Default is 0, but recommends 2 km
 iccg_method (max_dom)                          ; IC:CG partitioning method (IC: intra-cloud; CG: cloud-to-ground)
                                     = 0        ; Default method depending on lightning option, currently all options use iccg_method=2 by default
                                     = 1        ; Constant everywhere, set with namelist options iccg_prescribed (num|den)#, default is 0./1. (all CG).
                                     = 2        ; Coarsely prescribed 1995-1999 NLDN/OTD climatology based on Boccippio et al. (2001)
                                     = 3        ; Parameterization by Price and Rind (1993) based on cold-cloud depth
                                     = 4        ; Gridded input via arrays iccg_in_(num|den) from wrfinput for monthly mapped ratios. 
                                                  Points with 0/0 values use ratio defined by iccg_prescribed_(num|den)
 iccg_prescribed_num                 = 0.       ; Numerator of user-specified prescribed IC:CG
 iccg_prescribed_den                 = 1.       ; Denominator of user-specified prescribed IC:CG

Options for wind turbine drag parameterization:

 windfarm_opt                       = 0         ; 1 = Simulates the effects of wind turbines in the atmospheric evolution
 windfarm_ij                        = 0         ; whether to use lat-lon or i-j coordinate as wind turbine locations    
                                                ; 0 = The coordinate of the turbines are defined in terms of lat-lon
                                                ; 1 = The coordinate of the turbines are defined in terms of grid points


Stochastic parameterization schemes:

&stoch
 skebs                                = 1       ; stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter scheme, 1: on
 tot_backscat_psi                     = 1.0E-05 ; total backscattered dissipation for streamfunction; 
                                                ; determines amplitude of streamfunction perturbations
 tot_backscat_t                       = 1.0E-06 ; total backscattered dissipation for potential temperature 
 ztau_psi                             = 10800.0 ; decorrelation time scale of noise for streamfunction perturbations
 rand_perturb                         = 1       ; generate array with random perturbations for user determined use, 1: on
 gridpt_stddev_rand_pert              = 0.03    ; standard deviation of random perturbations at each gridpoint  
                                                ; determines amplitude of random perturbations 
 stddev_cutoff_rand_pert              = 3.0     ; cutoff tails of pdf above this threshold standard deviation
 lengthscale_rand_pert                = 500000.0 ; correlation length scale in meters
 timescale_rand_pert                  = 21600.0 ; decorrelation time scale in s
 nens                                 = 1       ; creates different seed for random number streams in either stochastic scheme
                                                ; must be different for each member in ensemble forecasts 

Options for stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter scheme:

 stoch_force_opt (max_dom)          = 0,        : No stochastic parameterization
                                      1,        : Stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter scheme (SKEB)
 stoch_vertstruc_opt (max_dom)      = 0,        : Constant vertical structure of random pattern generator
                                      1,        : Random phase vertical structure random pattern generator
 tot_backscat_psi                   = 1.0E-05   ; Controls amplitude of rotational wind perturbations
 tot_backscat_t                     = 1.0E-06   ; Controls amplitude of potential temperature perturbations
 nens                               = 1         ; an integer that controls the random number stream which will then
                                                  change the run. When running an ensemble, this can be
                                                  ensemble member number, so that each ensemble member gets a
                                                  different random number stream, hence a different perturbed run.
 ztau_psi                           = 10800.0   ; decorr. time of noise for psi perturb
 ztau_t                             = 10800.0   ; decorr. time of noise for theta perturb
 rexponent_psi                      = -1.83     ; spectral slope of forcing for psi
 rexponent_t                        = -1.83     ; spectral slope of forcing for theta
 zsigma2_eps                        = 0.0833    ; variance of noise for psi perturb
 zsigma2_eta                        = 0.0833    ; variance of noise for theta perturb
 kminforc                           = 1         ; min. forcing wavenumber in lon. for psi perturb
 lminforc                           = 1         ; min. forcing wavenumber in lat. for psi perturb
 kminforct                          = 1         ; min. forcing wavenumber in lon. for theta perturb
 lminforct                          = 1         ; min. forcing wavenumber in lat. for theta perturb
 kmaxforc                           = 1000000   ; max. forcing wavenumber in lon. for psi perturb
 lmaxforc                           = 1000000   ; max. forcing wavenumber in lat. for psi perturb
 kmaxforct                          = 1000000   ; max. forcing wavenumber in lon. for theta perturb
 lmaxforct                          = 1000000   ; max. forcing wavenumber in lat. for theta perturb
 perturb_chem_bdy                               ; Options for perturbing lateral boundaries of chemical tracers:
                                                  0 = off; 1 = on with RAND_PERTURB pattern
 perturb_bdy                        = 0         ; No boundary perturbations
                                      1         ; Use SKEBS pattern for boundary perturbations
                                      2         ; Use other user-provided pattern for boundary perturbations

Options for use with the Noah-MP Land Surface Model:

&noah_mp
 dveg                               = 4,        ; Noah-MP Dynamic Vegetation option:
                                                ;    1 = Off (LAI from table; FVEG = shdfac)
                                                ;    2 = On  (LAI predicted;  FVEG calculated)
                                                ;    3 = Off (LAI from table; FVEG calculated)
                                                ;    4 = Off (LAI from table; FVEG = maximum veg. fraction)
                         			;    5 = On  (LAI predicted;  FVEG = maximum veg. fraction)
 opt_crs                            = 1,        ; Noah-MP Stomatal Resistance option:
                                                ;    1 = Ball-Berry; 2 = Jarvis
 opt_sfc                            = 1         ; Noah-MP surface layer drag coefficient calculation
                                                ;    1 = Monin-Obukhov; 2 = original Noah (Chen97);
                                                ;    3 = MYJ consistent; 4 = YSU consistent.
                                                ;    options 3 and 4 removed in 3.7
 opt_btr                            = 1,        ; Noah-MP Soil Moisture Factor for Stomatal Resistance
                                                ;    1 = Noah; 2 = CLM; 3 = SSiB
 opt_run                            = 1,        ; Noah-MP Runoff and Groundwater option
                                                ;    1 = TOPMODEL with groundwater
                                                ;    2 = TOPMODEL with equilibrium water table
                                                ;    3 = original surface and subsurface runoff (free drainage)
                                                ;    4 = BATS surface and subsurface runoff (free drainage)
 opt_frz                            = 1,        ; Noah-MP Supercooled Liquid Water option
                                                ;    1 = No iteration; 2 = Koren's iteration
 opt_inf                            = 1,        ; Noah-MP Soil Permeability option
                                                ;    1 = Linear effects, more permeable;
                                                ;    2 = Non-linear effects, less permeable
 opt_rad                            = 3,        ; Noah-MP Radiative Transfer option
                                                ;    1 = Modified two-stream;
                                                ;    2 = Two-stream applied to grid-cell
                                                ;    3 = Two-stream applied to vegetated fraction
 opt_alb                            = 2,        ; Noah-MP Ground Surface Albedo option
                                                ;    1 = BATS; 2 = CLASS
 opt_snf                            = 1,        ; Noah-MP Precipitation Partitioning between snow and rain
                                                ;    1 = Jordan (1991)
                                                ;    2 = BATS:  Snow when SFCTMP < TFRZ+2.2
                                                ;    3 = Snow when SFCTMP < TFRZ
						;    4 = Use WRF precipitation partitioning
 opt_tbot                           = 2,        ; Noah-MP Soil Temperature Lower Boundary Condition
                                                ;    1 = Zero heat flux
                                                ;    2 = TBOT at 8 m from input file
 opt_stc                            = 1,        ; Noah-MP Snow/Soil temperature time scheme
                                                ;    1 = semi-implicit
                                                ;    2 = full-implicit
						;    3 = semi-implicit where Ts uses snow cover fraction
 /

 &fdda
 grid_fdda (max_dom)                 = 1        ; grid-nudging fdda on (=0 off) for each domain
                                     = 2        ; spectral nudging
 gfdda_inname                        = "wrffdda_d<domain>" ; defined name in real
 gfdda_interval_m (max_dom)          = 360      ; time interval (in min) between analysis times (must use minutes)
 gfdda_end_h (max_dom)               = 6        ; time (in hours) to stop nudging after start of forecast
 io_form_gfdda                       = 2        ; analysis data io format (2 = netCDF)
 fgdt (max_dom)                      = 0        ; calculation frequency (minutes) for grid-nudging (0=every step)
 if_no_pbl_nudging_uv (max_dom)      = 0        ; 1= no nudging of u and v in the pbl, 0=nudging in the pbl
 if_no_pbl_nudging_t (max_dom)       = 0        ; 1= no nudging of temp in the pbl, 0=nudging in the pbl
 if_no_pbl_nudging_q (max_dom)       = 0        ; 1= no nudging of qvapor in the pbl, 0=nudging in the pbl
 if_zfac_uv (max_dom)                = 0        ; 0= nudge u and v in all layers, 1= limit nudging to levels above k_zfac_uv
  k_zfac_uv (max_dom)                = 10       ; 10=model level below which nudging is switched off for u and v
 if_zfac_t (max_dom)                 = 0        ; 0= nudge temp in all layers, 1= limit nudging to levels above k_zfac_t
  k_zfac_t (max_dom)                 = 10       ; 10=model level below which nudging is switched off for temp
 if_zfac_q (max_dom)                 = 0        ; 0= nudge qvapor in all layers, 1= limit nudging to levels above k_zfac_q
  k_zfac_q (max_dom)                 = 10       ; 10=model level below which nudging is switched off for qvapor
 guv (max_dom)                       = 0.0003   ; nudging coefficient for u and v (sec-1)
 gt (max_dom)                        = 0.0003   ; nudging coefficient for temp (sec-1)
 gq (max_dom)                        = 0.0003   ; nudging coefficient for qvapor (sec-1)
 if_ramping                          = 0        ; 0= nudging ends as a step function, 1= ramping nudging down at end of period
 dtramp_min                          = 60.0     ; time (min) for ramping function, 60.0=ramping starts at last analysis time, 
                                                                                  -60.0=ramping ends at last analysis time
 grid_sfdda (max_dom)                = 0        ; surface fdda switch (1, on; 0, off)
 sgfdda_inname                       = "wrfsfdda_d<domain>" ; defined name for sfc nudgingi in input file (from program obsgrid) 
 sgfdda_end_h (max_dom)              = 6        ; time (in hours) to stop sfc nudging after start of forecast
 sgfdda_interval_m (max_dom)         = 180      ; time interval (in min) between sfc analysis times (must use minutes)
 io_form_sgfdda                      = 2        ; sfc analysis data io format (2 = netCDF)
 guv_sfc (max_dom)                   = 0.0003   ; nudging coefficient for sfc u and v (sec-1)
 gt_sfc (max_dom)                    = 0.0003   ; nudging coefficient for sfc temp (sec-1)
 gq_sfc (max_dom)                    = 0.0003   ; nudging coefficient for sfc qvapor (sec-1)
 rinblw                              = 250.0    ; radius of influence used to determine the confidence (or weights) for
                                                  the analysis, which is based on the distance between the grid point to the nearest
                                                  obs. The analysis without nearby observation is used at a reduced weight.

 pxlsm_soil_nudge(max_dom)           = 1        ; PXLSM Soil nudging option (requires wrfsfdda file)

The following are for spectral nudging:
 fgdtzero (max_dom)                  = 0,       ; 1= nudging tendencies are set to zero in between fdda calls
 if_no_pbl_nudging_ph                = 0,       ; 1= no nudging of ph in the pbl, 0= nuding in the pbl
 if_zfac_ph (max_dom)                = 0,       ; 0= nudge ph in all layers, 1= limit nudging to levels above k_zfac_ph
  k_zfac_ph (max_dom)                = 10,      ; 10= model level below which nudging is switched off for ph
 dk_zfac_uv (max_dom)                = 1,       ; depth in k between k_zfac_X to dk_zfac_X where nudging increases 
                                                  linearly to full strength
 dk_zfac_t  (max_dom)                = 1,
 dk_zfac_ph (max_dom)                = 1,
 gph (max_dom)                       = 0.0003,
 xwavenum (max_dom)                  = 3,       ; top wave number to nudge in x direction
 ywavenum (max_dom)                  = 3,       ; top wave number to nudge in y direction

The following are for observation nudging:
 obs_nudge_opt (max_dom)             = 1        ; obs-nudging fdda on (=0 off) for each domain
                                                  also need to set auxinput11_interval and auxinput11_end_h
                                                  in time_control namelist
 max_obs                             = 150000   ; max number of observations used on a domain during any 
                                                  given time window
 fdda_start                          = 0        ; obs nudging start time in minutes
 fdda_end                            = 180      ; obs nudging end time in minutes
 obs_nudge_wind (max_dom)            = 1        ; whether to nudge wind: (=0 off)
 obs_coef_wind                       = 6.E-4,   ; nudging coefficient for wind, unit: s-1
 obs_nudge_temp                      = 1        ; whether to nudge temperature: (=0 off)
 obs_coef_temp                       = 6.E-4,   ; nudging coefficient for temperature, unit: s-1
 obs_nudge_mois                      = 1        ; whether to nudge water vapor mixing ratio: (=0 off)
 obs_coef_mois                       = 6.E-4,   ; nudging coefficient for water vapor mixing ratio, unit: s-1
 obs_nudge_pstr                      = 0        ; whether to nudge surface pressure (not used)
 obs_coef_pstr                       = 0.       ; nudging coefficient for surface pressure, unit: s-1 (not used)
 obs_rinxy                           = 200.,    ; horizonal radius of influence in km
 obs_rinsig                          = 0.1,     ; vertical radius of influence in eta
 obs_twindo (max_dom)                = 0.66667  ; half-period time window over which an observation 
                                                  will be used for nudging (hours)
 obs_npfi                            = 10,      ; freq in coarse grid timesteps for diag prints
 obs_ionf (max_dom)                  = 2        ; freq in coarse grid timesteps for obs input and err calc
 obs_idynin                          = 0        ; for dynamic initialization using a ramp-down function to gradually
                                                  turn off the FDDA before the pure forecast (=1 on)
 obs_dtramp                          = 40       ; time period in minutes over which the nudging is ramped down 
                                                  from one to zero.
 obs_prt_freq (max_dom)              = 10,      ; Frequency in obs index for diagnostic printout
 obs_prt_max                         = 1000,    ; Maximum allowed obs entries in diagnostic printout
 obs_ipf_in4dob                      = .true.   ; print obs input diagnostics (=.false. off)
 obs_ipf_errob                       = .true.   ; print obs error diagnostics (=.false. off)
 obs_ipf_nudob                       = .true.   ; print obs nudge diagnostics (=.false. off)
 obs_ipf_init                        = .true.   ; Enable obs init warning messages

 obs_no_pbl_nudge_uv (max_dom)       = 0        ; 1=no wind-nudging within pbl
 obs_no_pbl_nudge_t (max_dom)        = 0        ; 1=no temperature-nudging within pbl
 obs_no_pbl_nudge_q (max_dom)        = 0        ; 1=no moisture-nudging within pbl
 obs_sfc_scheme_horiz                = 0        ; horizontal spreading scheme for surf obs;
                                                  0=wrf scheme, 1=original mm5 scheme
 obs_sfc_scheme_vert                 = 0        ; vertical spreading scheme for surf obs
                                                  0=regime vif scheme, 1=original simple scheme
 obs_max_sndng_gap                   = 20       ; Max pressure gap between soundings, in cb
 obs_nudgezfullr1_uv                 = 50       ; Vert infl full weight  height for lowest model level (LML) obs, regime 1, winds
 obs_nudgezrampr1_uv                 = 50       ; Vert infl ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 1, winds
 obs_nudgezfullr2_uv                 = 50       ; Vert infl full weight  height for LML obs, regime 2, winds
 obs_nudgezrampr2_uv                 = 50       ; Vert infl ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 2, winds
 obs_nudgezfullr4_uv                 = -5000    ; Vert infl full weight  height for LML obs, regime 4, winds
 obs_nudgezrampr4_uv                 = 50       ; Vert infl ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 4, winds
 obs_nudgezfullr1_t                  = 50       ; Vert infl full weight  height for LML obs, regime 1, temperature
 obs_nudgezrampr1_t                  = 50       ; Vert infl ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 1, temperature
 obs_nudgezfullr2_t                  = 50       ; Vert infl full weight  height for LML obs, regime 2, temperature
 obs_nudgezrampr2_t                  = 50       ; Vert infl ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 2, temperature
 obs_nudgezfullr4_t                  = -5000    ; Vert infl full weight  height for LML obs, regime 4, temperature
 obs_nudgezrampr4_t                  = 50       ; Vert infl ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 4, temperature
 obs_nudgezfullr1_q                  = 50       ; Vert infl full weight  height for LML obs, regime 1, moisture
 obs_nudgezrampr1_q                  = 50       ; Vert infl ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 1, moisture
 obs_nudgezfullr2_q                  = 50       ; Vert infl full weight  height for LML obs, regime 2, moisture
 obs_nudgezrampr2_q                  = 50       ; Vert infl ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 2, moisture
 obs_nudgezfullr4_q                  = -5000    ; Vert infl full weight  height for LML obs, regime 4, moisture
 obs_nudgezrampr4_q                  = 50       ; Vert infl ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 4, moisture
 obs_nudgezfullmin                   = 50       ; Min depth through which vertical infl fcn remains 1.0
 obs_nudgezrampmin                   = 50       ; Min depth (m) through which vert infl fcn decreases from 1 to 0
 obs_nudgezmax                       = 3000     ; Max depth (m) in which vert infl function is nonzero
 obs_sfcfact                         = 1.0      ; Scale factor applied to time window for surface obs
 obs_sfcfacr                         = 1.0      ; Scale factor applied to horiz radius of influence for surface obs
 obs_dpsmx                           = 7.5      ; Max pressure change (cb) allowed within horiz radius of influence

 obs_scl_neg_qv_innov                = 0        ; 1 = prevent to nudge toward negative QV 
 /

 &scm
 scm_force                           = 1,       ; switch for single column forcing (=0 off)
 scm_force_dx                        = 4000.    ; DX for SCM forcing (in meters)
 num_force_layers                    = 8        ; number of SCM input forcing layers
 scm_lu_index                        = 2        ; SCM landuse category (2 is dryland, cropland and pasture)
 scm_isltyp                          = 4        ; SCM soil category (4 is silt loam)
 scm_vegfra                          = 0.5      ; SCM vegetation fraction
 scm_canwat                          = 0.0      ; SCM canopy water
 scm_lat                             = 37.600   ; SCM latitude
 scm_lon                             = -96.700  ; SCM longitude
 scm_th_adv                          = .true.   ; turn on theta advection in SCM
 scm_wind_adv                        = .true.   ; turn on wind advection in SCM
 scm_qv_adv                          = .true.   ; turn on moisture advection in SCM
 scm_ql_adv                          = .true.   ; turn on cloud liquid water advection in SCM
 scm_vert_adv                        = .true.   ; turn on vertical advection in SCM
 num_force_soil_layers               = 5,       ; Number of SCM soil forcing layer 
 scm_soilT_force                     = .false.  ; Turn on soil temp forcing in SCM
 scm_soilq_force                     = .false.  ; Turn on soil moisture forcing in SCM
 scm_force_th_largescale             = .false.  ; Turn on large scale theta forcing in SCM
 scm_force_qv_largescale             = .false.  ; Turn on large scale qv forcing in SCM
 scm_force_ql_largescale             = .false.  ; Turn on large scale cloud water forcing in SCM
 scm_force_wind_largescale           = .false.  ; Turn on large scale wind forcing in SCM

 &dynamics
 rk_ord                              = 3,	; time-integration scheme option:
                                                  2 = Runge-Kutta 2nd order
                                                  3 = Runge-Kutta 3rd order
 diff_opt(max_dom)                   = 0,	; turbulence and mixing option:
                                                  0 = no turbulence or explicit
                                                      spatial numerical filters (km_opt IS IGNORED).
                                                  1 = evaluates 2nd order
                                                      diffusion term on coordinate surfaces.
                                                      uses kvdif for vertical diff unless PBL option
                                                      is used. may be used with km_opt = 1 and 4.
                                                      (= 1, recommended for real-data cases)
                                                  2 = evaluates mixing terms in
                                                      physical space (stress form) (x,y,z).
                                                      turbulence parameterization is chosen
                                                      by specifying km_opt.
 km_opt(max_dom)                     = 1,	; eddy coefficient option
                                                  1 = constant (use khdif kvdif)
                                                  2 = 1.5 order TKE closure (3D)
                                                  3 = Smagorinsky first order closure (3D)
                                                      Note: option 2 and 3 are not recommended for DX > 2 km
                                                  4 = horizontal Smagorinsky first order closure
                                                      (recommended for real-data cases)
 damp_opt                            = 0,	; upper level damping flag 
                                                  0 = without damping
                                                  1 = with diffusive damping, maybe used for real-data cases 
                                                      (dampcoef nondimensional ~0.01-0.1)
                                                  2 = with Rayleigh  damping (dampcoef inverse time scale [1/s] e.g. .003; idealized case only
                                                      not for real-data cases)
                                                  3 = with w-Rayleigh damping (dampcoef inverse time scale [1/s] e.g. .2; 
                                                      for real-data cases)
 use_theta_m                         = 0        ; 1: use theta_m=theta(1+1.61Qv)
                                                  0: use dry theta in dynamics
 use_q_diabatic                      = 0        ; whether to include QV and QC tendencies in advection (new in 3.7)
                                                  0 = default, old behavior
                                                  1 = include QV and QC tendencies - this helps to produce correct solution
                                                      in an idealized 'moist benchmark' test case (Bryan, 2014).
                                                      In real data testing, time step needs to be reduce to maintain stable solution
 c_s                                 = 0.25     ; Smagorinsky coeff
 c_k                                 = 0.15     ; TKE coeff
 diff_6th_opt                        = 0,       ; 6th-order numerical diffusion
                                                  0 = no 6th-order diffusion (default)
                                                  1 = 6th-order numerical diffusion (not recommended)
                                                  2 = 6th-order numerical diffusion but prohibit up-gradient diffusion
 diff_6th_factor                     = 0.12,    ; 6th-order numerical diffusion non-dimensional rate (max value 1.0
                                                      corresponds to complete removal of 2dx wave in one timestep)
 dampcoef (max_dom)                  = 0.,	; damping coefficient (see above)
 zdamp (max_dom)                     = 5000.,	; damping depth (m) from model top
 w_damping                           = 0,       ; vertical velocity damping flag (for operational use)
                                                  0 = without damping
                                                  1 = with    damping
 base_temp                           = 290.,    ; real-data, em ONLY, base sea-level temp (K)
 base_pres                           = 10^5     ; real-data, em ONLY, base sea-level pres (Pa), DO NOT CHANGE
 base_lapse                          = 50.,     ; real-data, em ONLY, lapse rate (K), DO NOT CHANGE
 iso_temp                            = 200.,    ; real-data, em ONLY, reference temp in stratosphere, US Standard atmosphere 216.5 K
 base_pres_strat                     = 5500.    ; real-data, em ONLY, base state pressure (Pa) at bottom of the stratosphere, 
                                                  US Standard atmosphere 55 hPa
 base_lapse_strat                    = 0.       ; real-data, em ONLY, base state lapse rate ( dT / d(lnP) ) in stratosphere, 
                                                  approx to US Standard atmosphere -12 K
 use_baseparam_fr_nml                = .f.,     ; whether to use base state parameters from the namelist
 use_input_w                         = .f.,     ; whether to use vertical velocity from input file
 khdif (max_dom)                     = 0,	; horizontal diffusion constant (m^2/s)
 kvdif (max_dom)                     = 0,	; vertical diffusion constant (m^2/s)
 smdiv (max_dom)                     = 0.1,	; divergence damping (0.1 is typical)
 emdiv (max_dom)                     = 0.01,	; external-mode filter coef for mass coordinate model
                                                  (0.01 is typical for real-data cases)
 epssm (max_dom)                     = .1,	; time off-centering for vertical sound waves
 non_hydrostatic (max_dom)           = .true.,	; whether running the model in hydrostatic or non-hydro mode
 pert_coriolis (max_dom)             = .false.,	; Coriolis only acts on wind perturbation (idealized)
 top_lid (max_dom)                   = .false., ; Zero vertical motion at top of domain
 mix_full_fields(max_dom)            = .true.,  ; used with diff_opt = 2; value of ".true." is recommended, except for
                                                  highly idealized numerical tests; damp_opt must not be 1 if ".true."
                                                  is chosen. .false. means subtract 1-d base-state profile before mixing
 mix_isotropic(max_dom)              = 0        ; 0=anistropic vertical/horizontal diffusion coeffs, 1=isotropic
 mix_upper_bound(max_dom)            = 0.1      ; non-dimensional upper limit for diffusion coeffs
 tke_drag_coefficient(max_dom)       = 0.,      ; surface drag coefficient (Cd, dimensionless) for diff_opt=2 only
 tke_heat_flux(max_dom)              = 0.,      ; surface thermal flux (H/(rho*cp), K m/s) for diff_opt=2 only
 h_mom_adv_order (max_dom)           = 5,       ; horizontal momentum advection order (5=5th, etc.)
 v_mom_adv_order (max_dom)           = 3,       ; vertical momentum advection order
 h_sca_adv_order (max_dom)           = 5,       ; horizontal scalar advection order
 v_sca_adv_order (max_dom)           = 3,       ; vertical scalar advection order

 momentum_adv_opt(max_dom)           = 1,       ; advection options for momentum variables: 
                                                  1=original, 3 = 5th-order WENO
                                                ; advection options for scalar variables: 0=simple, 1=positive definite,
                                                  2=monotonic, 3=5th order WENO, 4=5th-order WENO with positive definite filter
 moist_adv_opt (max_dom)             = 1        ; for moisture
 scalar_adv_opt (max_dom)            = 1        ; for scalars
 chem_adv_opt (max_dom)              = 1        ; for chem variables
 tracer_adv_opt (max_dom)            = 1        ; for tracer variables (WRF-Chem activated)
 tke_adv_opt (max_dom)               = 1        ; for tke

 time_step_sound (max_dom)           = 4 /	; number of sound steps per time-step (0=set automatically)
                                                  (if using a time_step much larger than 6*dx (in km),
                                                  proportionally increase number of sound steps - also
                                                  best to use even numbers)
 do_avgflx_em (max_dom)               = 0,       ; whether to output time-averaged mass-coupled advective velocities
                                                  0 = no (default)
                                                  1 = yes
 do_avgflx_cugd (max_dom)             = 0,       ; whether to output time-averaged convective mass-fluxes from Grell-Devenyi ensemble scheme
                                                  0 = no (default)
                                                  1 = yes (only takes effect if do_avgflx_em=1 and cu_physics= 93
 do_coriolis (max_dom)               = .true.,	; whether to do Coriolis calculations (idealized) (inactive)
 do_curvature (max_dom)              = .true.,	; whether to do curvature calculations (idealized) (inactive)
 do_gradp (max_dom)                  = .true.,	; whether to do horizontal pressure gradient calculations (idealized) (inactive)
 fft_filter_lat                      = 45.      ; the latitude above which the polar filter is turned on
 coupled_filtering                   = .true.   ; T/F mu coupled scalar arrays are run through the polar filters
 pos_def                             = .false.  ; T/F remove negative values of scalar arrays by setting minimum value to zero
 swap_pole_with_next_j               = .false.  ; T/F replace the entire j=1 (jds-1) with the values from j=2 (jds-2)
 actual_distance_average             = .false.  ; T/F average the field at each i location in the j-loop with a number of grid points based on a map-factor ratio
 gwd_opt                             = 0       ; for running without gravity wave drag
                                     = 1       ; for running the WRF-ARW with its gravity wave drag
                                     = 2       ; for running the WRF-NMM with its gravity wave drag
 sfs_opt (max_dom)                   = 0       ; nonlinear backscatter and anisotropy (NBA) off
                                     = 1       ; NBA1 using diagnostic stress terms (km_opt=2,3 for scalars)
                                     = 2       ; NBA2 using tke-based stress terms (km_opt=2 needed)
 m_opt (max_dom)                     = 0       ; no added output
                                     = 1       ; adds output of Mij stress terms when NBA is not used
 tracer_opt(max_dom)                 = 0       ; 

 &bdy_control
 spec_bdy_width                      = 5,       ; total number of rows for specified boundary value nudging
 spec_zone                           = 1,       ; number of points in specified zone (spec b.c. option)
 relax_zone                          = 4,       ; number of points in relaxation zone (spec b.c. option)
 specified (max_dom)                 = .false., ; specified boundary conditions (only can be used for domain 1)
                                                  the above 4 are used for real-data runs
 spec_exp                            = 0.       ; exponential multiplier for relaxation zone ramp for specified=.t.
                                                  (0.=linear ramp default, e.g. 0.33=~3*dx exp decay factor)
 constant_bc                         = .false.  ; constant boundary condition used with DFI
 spec_bdy_final_mu                   = 0,       ; whether to call spec_bdy_final for mu (since 3.7): 
                                                  = 0, no call; = 1: call (this may cause different restart results)

 periodic_x (max_dom)                = .false., ; periodic boundary conditions in x direction
 symmetric_xs (max_dom)              = .false., ; symmetric boundary conditions at x start (west)
 symmetric_xe (max_dom)              = .false., ; symmetric boundary conditions at x end (east)
 open_xs (max_dom)                   = .false., ; open boundary conditions at x start (west)
 open_xe (max_dom)                   = .false., ; open boundary conditions at x end (east)
 periodic_y (max_dom)                = .false., ; periodic boundary conditions in y direction
 symmetric_ys (max_dom)              = .false., ; symmetric boundary conditions at y start (south)
 symmetric_ye (max_dom)              = .false., ; symmetric boundary conditions at y end (north)
 open_ys (max_dom)                   = .false., ; open boundary conditions at y start (south)
 open_ye (max_dom)                   = .false., ; open boundary conditions at y end (north)
 nested (max_dom)                    = .false., ; nested boundary conditions (must be used for nests)
 polar                               = .false., ; polar boundary condition
                                                  (v=0 at polarward-most v-point)
 have_bcs_moist                      = .false., ; model run after ndown only: do not use microphysics variables in bdy file
                                     = .true. , ; use microphysics variables in bdy file
 have_bcs_scalar                     = .false., ; model run after ndown only: do not use scalar variables in bdy file
                                     = .true. , ; use scalar variables in bdy file

 euler_adv                           = .false., ; conservative Eulerian passive advection (NMM only)
 idtadt                              = 1,       ; fundamental timesteps between calls to Euler advection, dynamics (NMM only)
 idtadc                              = 1        ; fundamental timesteps between calls to Euler advection, chemistry (NMM only)



 &tc                                            ; controls for tc_em.exe ONLY, no impact on real, ndown, or model

 insert_bogus_storm                  = .false.  ; T/F for inserting a bogus tropical storm (TC)
 remove_storm                        = .false.  ; T/F for only removing the original TC
 num_storm                           = 1        ; Number of bogus TC
 latc_loc                            = -999.    ; center latitude of the bogus TC
 lonc_loc                            = -999.    ; center longitude of the bogus TC
 vmax_meters_per_second(max_bogus)   = -999.    ; vmax of bogus storm in meters per second
 rmax                                = -999.    ; maximum radius outward from storm center
 vmax_ratio(max_bogus)               = -999.    ; ratio for representative maximum winds, 0.75 for 45 km grid, and 
                                                  0.9 for 15 km grid.
 rankine_lid                         = -999.    ; top pressure limit for the tc bogus scheme

 &namelist_quilt    This namelist record controls asynchronized I/O for MPI applications. 

 nio_tasks_per_group                 = 0,        default value is 0: no quilting; > 0 quilting I/O
 nio_groups                          = 1,        default 1. May be set to higher value for nesting IO 
                                                 or history and restart IO


 &grib2:
 background_proc_id                  = 255,	; Background generating process identifier, typically defined
                                                  by the originating center to identify the background data that
                                                  was used in creating the data. This is octet 13 of Section 4 
                                                  in the grib2 message
 forecast_proc_id                    = 255,	; Analysis or generating forecast process identifier, typically
                                                  defined by the originating center to identify the forecast process
                                                  that was used to generate the data. This is octet 14 of Section
                                                  4 in the grib2 message
 production_status                   = 255,     ; Production status of processed data in the grib2 message. 
                                                  See Code Table 1.3 of the grib2 manual. This is octet 20 of
                                                  Section 1 in the grib2 record
 compression                         = 40,      ; The compression method to encode the output grib2 message.
                                                  Only 40 for jpeg2000 or 41 for PNG are supported


By default the pressure and height level data goes into stream 23 and 22, respectively. Using
the vertical interpolation options requires the user to define an io_form and interval for
the requested stream.  See examples.namelist.

 &diags:
 p_lev_diags                         = 1,       ; Vertically interpolate diagnostics to p-levels
                                                  0=NO, 1=YES
 num_press_levels                    = 0,       ; Number of pressure levels to interpolate to, for example,
                                                  could be 2
 press_levels                        = 0,       ; Which pressure levels (Pa) to interpolate to, for example
                                                  could be 85000, 70000
 use_tot_or_hyd_p                    = 2        ; Which half level pressure to use: 1=total (p+pb); 2=hydrostatic
                                                  (p_hyd).  The p_hyd option is the default and less noisy.  Total
                                                  pressure is consistent with what is done in various post-proc
                                                  packages.
 z_lev_diags                         = 0,       ; Vertically interpolate diagnostics to z-levels
                                                  0=NO, 1=YES
 num_z_levels                        = 2,       ; Number of height levels to interpolate to
 z_levels                            = 0,       ; List of height values (m) to interpolate data to. 
                                                ;   Positive numbers are for height above mean sea level (i.e. a flight level)
                                                ;   Negative numbers are for levels above ground
 /

AFWA diagnostics:
&afwa
afwa_diag_opt (max_dom)              = 0,       ; AFWA Diagnostic option, 1: on
afwa_ptype_opt (max_dom)             = 0,       ; Precip type option, 1: on
afwa_vil_opt (max_dom)               = 0,       ; Vert Int Liquid option, 1: on
afwa_radar_opt (max_dom)             = 0,       ; Radar option, 1: on
afwa_severe_opt (max_dom)            = 0,       ; Severe Wx option, 1: on
afwa_icing_opt (max_dom)             = 0,       ; Icing option, 1: on
afwa_vis_opt (max_dom)               = 0,       ; Visibility option, 1: on
afwa_cloud_opt (max_dom)             = 0,       ; Cloud option, 1: on
afwa_therm_opt (max_dom)             = 0,       ; Thermal indices option, 1: on
afwa_turb_opt (max_dom)              = 0,       ; Turbulence option, 1: on
afwa_buoy_opt (max_dom)              = 0,       ; Buoyancy option, 1: on
afwa_hailcast_opt (max_dom)          = 0,       ; Hailcast option, 1: on
afwa_ptype_ccn_tmp                   = 264.15,  ; CCN temperature for precipitation type calculation
afwa_ptype_tot_melt                  = 50,      ; Total melting energy for precipitation type calculation
